Mythology Summary and Analysis Greek Mythology the...

Mythology Summary and Analysis: Greek Mythology The Beginnings — Creation Summary In the beginning there was only Chaos, an empty void. But somehow this enormous vacancy gave birth to Gaea, the earth, to Tartarus, the great region beneath the earth, and to Eros, the shining god of love and attraction. Chaos also bore Erebus, the darkness of the netherworld, and Night, the darkness over the earth. Then Erebus slept with Night, who gave birth to Ether, the heavenly light, and to Day, the earthly light. Later Night alone produced such beings as Doom, Fate, Death, Sleep, Dreams, Nemesis, and a long list of other atrocities that steal upon men in darkness. Meanwhile Gaea, without help, gave birth to Uranus, the starry sky, to the Mountains,†¦show more content†¦Terrified, most of the gods fled. But Zeus was captured and confined. Released by Hermes, Zeus finally destroyed the dragon by hurling lightning at it again and again, and by burying it under Etna in Sicily. There was one more attempt to dislodge Zeus and the other Olympians from their mastery of the world. The Giants, who had sprouted from Uranus blood, were dissatisfied, so they laid siege to Olympus by piling mountain upon mountain in an attempt to scale it. It required all the prowess of the gods and the assistance of the mortal Heracles to subdue and kill the Giants. Having vanquished the Titans, the dragon Typhoeus, and the Giants, the rule of the Olympians was undisputed. That version of the creation was taken largely from Hesiod, a Greek poet of the seventh century B.C.. But here is an earlier story by way of contrast. Eurynome, the goddess of all creation, arose from Chaos and separated the sea from the sky. Then, dancing naked upon the waves, she created the wind and rubbed it in her hands to create the serpent Ophion, who made love to her. Pregnant, Eurynome became a dove and laid the World Egg, and Ophion coiled about the Egg and hatched it. This Egg brought forth the cosmos and everything in it. Then Eurynome and Ophion settled on Olympus, but their union was unhappy. When Ophion proclaimed himself the Creator, Eurynome banished him to theShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesPhenomenology of the Narrative, 16 II Problems of Film Semiotics Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. The Cinema: Language or Language System? 31 Some Points in the Semiotics of the Cinema, 92 Problems of Denotation in the Fiction Film, 108 III Syntagmatic Analysis of the Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some TheoreticalRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesmarketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Parental Sex Education - 987 Words

Over the last decade, the percentage of U.S. high school students who report having sexual intercourse has declined (Henshaw, 2003). Promisingly, the percent of U.S. teens surveyed also stated an increase in contraceptive use. Despite these positive trends, the United States still has one of the highest levels of teen pregnancy among developed countries and accounts for more than four million teens contracting sexually transmitted infections each year! During President Bush’s 2000 campaign, he nearly tripled funding for abstinence-only education from 73 million in 2001 to 204 million in 2008 (Boonstra, 2010). In a 2007 study, paid for by the United States government, there was no evidence supporting a difference in the number of sex†¦show more content†¦Researchers in Morelos Mexico were interested in evaluating the effectiveness of an educational intervention for parents of first year high school students aiming to impact adolescents’ sexual behavior, knowledg e and access to contraception (Compero, Walker, Atienzo Gutierrez, 2011). This quasi-experimental prospective study was aiming to evaluate the differences between sexual behavior in teens whose parents sought out assistance to comprehensively teach their teens about sex and those whose parents did not (control group). The study found significant differences between adolescents taught by parents in the intervention versus the control group (Compero et al 2011). Teens receiving information from parents in the intervention were more likely to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse, proved to have more accurate knowledge about emergency contraception and reported a higher percentage of parents that provided condoms for them. These results are suggestive that parent-focused interventions may be an effective strategy to promote adolescent sexual health. Despite the promotion of adolescent sexual health, parental sexual communication may serve other benefits as well. Sexual communication between parents and their children is a useful tool to convey sexual values, beliefs, expectations and knowledge that the parentsShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Birth Control1288 Words   |  6 Pages The contraceptive access also varies across the country. Some states require comprehensive sexual education and for teens to be able to access contraceptives. Some lean more towards abstinence only education in the hopes teens will steer away from sexual activities. There are also scattered clinics where teens can receive birth control. For many parents, this term conjures up images of teenage sex or pregnancy, which can cause them to ignore its other uses. However, birth control is a broad andRead MoreThe Prevention Of Teenage Pregnancy Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesContraceptive Use, and Childbearing of Teenagers Aged 15–19 in the United States, CDC). These are most commonly used since there is no age restriction placed on them, unlike forms of female contraception. Females have to be over the age of eighteen or have parental consent to be granted any form of hormonal birth control from a clinic. In order to receive birth control from a clinic, they must have insurance to help bring costs down in order to afford it. There are also organizations such as Planned ParenthoodRead MoreSe x Education in Schools657 Words   |  3 PagesSex Education in Schools Nineteen-fifty five marked the debut of sex education programs in schools in the United States. Along the years, many have argued whether or not sex education should be taught in schools. Many believe that the education of sex encourages students to engage in sexual activities which lead to a higher number of pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases (STD’s).The U.S. is the leading country in teen pregnancies and STD’s As the number of unplanned pregnancies and sexuallyRead MoreSchools, Latex, And Safe Sex : The Logic Behind Contraceptive1630 Words   |  7 PagesSchools, Latex, and Safe-Sex: The Logic behind Contraceptive Provision in Schools Many Americans have long and wrongfully assumed that the best approach to decrease teen pregnancy and spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is by committing students to an abstinence-only sex education. However, professionals have repeatedly revealed that while abstinence-only sex education programs have good intentions, they have shown both consistent and positive correlations with pregnancy and STDs. In contrastRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Ed1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education (sex ed) in public schools has long been a controversial and debated topic in society. There are several questions when it comes to approaching sex ed in schools. These questions include: appropriate age for introducing sex ed; should sex ed be mandatory or optional; and whether sex ed programs should be comprehensive or abstinence-based. Sex ed is a necessary subject to teach in schools. It should be appropriate to the grade level and taught in a knowledgeable, unbiased manner.Read More Power Relations : An Overview Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagessociety (ed. Rabinow and Rose 2003). In relation to sex education, we can attribute this subjectivity to macro-level factors such as legislature passed by Congress and religious influence, societal level factors—age and gender and access to contraception, and familial factors—relationship between parents and children. Legislature Several studies have shown an overwhelming amount of support for comprehensive sex education compared to abstinence-only education (Herrman et al. 2013; Bourke 2014). DespiteRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Teen Pregnancy1085 Words   |  5 Pageslack of parental guidance contributes to teen pregnancy, most people evade their children from talking about sex. In some cases, they provide false information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any informative discussion about sex. In some cases, teenage mothers are not well educated about sex before getting pregnant and thus this leads to lack of communication between the parents and the children. Some parents feel that pregnancy is a result of the lack of sex educationRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Growing Epidemic1733 Words   |  7 Pagesgov/sites/default/files/2015TPPMonth_DirectorStatement.pdf) Teenage pregnancy is a growing problem that has now become a major epidemic. Most of the incidents that happen with accidental teenage pregnancy are spontaneous acts that involved a lack of education and parental guidance. Two years ago, 19.4 percent of teen girls got pregnant in Maryland, according to The Office of Adolescent Health. According to guttmacher.org, â€Å"Although 70% of girls use contraceptives, most teen pregnancies happen because of misuseRead MoreThe, Birds And The Bees Analogy1575 Words   |  7 PagesSex is a very awkward subject to talk about especially for parents to their children, as it brings up thoughts and topics over raging hormones and actions. Ever since humans have evolved through time, sex has been imperative to survival by sharing various genetics, skills, and traits from both parties. Seems easy enough? Not necessarily. Even if parents do use the classic ‘birds and the bees’ analogy for discuss this scandalous subject, children are still curious about how it works and wish to exploreRead MoreThe Social Acceptance of Teen Pregnancy1006 Words   |  4 Pagesage of 13 when they were having children in royalty and this was considered the norm. By the 1900’s the country became more industrialized and it was not until the 1950’s, era of the baby boomers, w here during WW11 women were engaging in premarital sex. It was the norm for teens to marry out of high school their sweetheart and procreate. Gender roles were different and as the decades changed, so did the independence of women. Women now have unlimited opportunities to do anything they please without

Literary Semiotics Free Essays

Literary Semiotics Quite often the terms semiotics and semiology are equal, so that often instead semiotics use semiology and vice versa. Ferdinand de Saussure speaks of the sign and the first makes the distinction between semiotics and semiology. Semiotics is the general theory of signs. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Semiotics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Semiology study the functioning of the sign in the social practice. Today avoids this distinction and semiotics equate with semiology, ie, they are synonyms. GENERAL Semiotics: The sign does not exist only in language and literature, but in the film we have and tone as a sign, signs of the folk tradition (clouds as signs, etc.. . The sign is a general phenomenon that exists in all forms of human communication. With the help of the sign announce something. The sign communication across borders communion. It is believed that she sign communication has with animals, plants etc.. Within the general linguistic information and communication there is the literary form of communication between author and reader, between the work and the reader etc.. Semiotics is shared: First Semantics – which focuses on the relationship between sign and signified; Second Pragmatics – is a discipline that focuses on the relationship between the sign and the reader; Third Syntax, syntax – is a discipline that focuses on the relationship between signs, eg. : Texts as signs books as characters. Semiotics makes several typologies and distinguishes several types of sign systems: First PRIRODOJAZICHNI SYSTEMS – define them as first-and include natural languages, ie national languages (English, French, etc. ).. These are the languages that are characterized by a specific practice use. In these systems each character is in relation to an object (reference) from the reality. Not all characters are specified, does not always mean only objects that exist, which are in reality, but there are also abstract, metaphysical signs that signify something that is not tangible, but still exists in our consciousness. Second Artificial sign systems – Artificial signs we have in mathematics, science and so on. These signs are called artificial, because they agreed. These include road signs, sign language of the deaf, blind etc.. = Structure is a way of organizing systems. System and structure are inseparable. Third Secondary, secondary sign systems – usually build on existing linguistic systems and does not always refer to things that exist in nature. Literature uses natural language to translate literary, coding, etc. All secondary languages have pre-need of natural language and together constitute some already performed sign systems, such as. Literature. Secondary sign system eg. Myth – iconic, pictorial system. 4th Mixed HIBRIDIZIRANI SIGNS – eg. Essay which combines prirodojazichen system and a secondary sign system and pictorial system. th METAJAZICI – Metajazichni systems, metalanguage thoughts when one language describes another kind of language that is already built, eg. Theory of literature has described the literary language. There are meta-meta languages, such as literary criticism, literary methodology etc.. Semiotics distinguished: linguistic and nejazichni signs, verbal and non-verbal. Semiotics distinguishes several types of signs: First -Symbols – symbols are all coded signs and they denotativni. These signs have a high degree of codification and konvencionalnost. In these signs the relationship between the sign and the signified is kodiviciran. Second Sign-image – in these signs the relationship between sign and signified is vividly. Iconic signs konotivni signs. The model has features of artistic creation. Third Sign-INDEX – among them the relationship between sign and signified is causal. These signs are generally semiotic. Example: Where there is smoke there is fire. Among them there is a logical connection that occurs as a result of long-term perception. Eg. before an earthquake occurs, animals are disturbed, I felt mean. Also, prior to such disasters, we get information, warnings from other planets. All this belongs to indeksnoto information. Semiotics differs constant and variable signs. The sign indicates the object replaces the subject. Therefore, the sign is viewed by the subject marks. To sign appears must e apostoi need an item to be replaced, to signify. Roman Jakobson describes knizhenosta literary self-referential aesthetic message. Piece of literature at the same time can be referential (aesthetic) and referential. Znakovnosta literature does not exhaust WMO interest signified. The sign is a complex composition (signifier + signified). With signs serving entities, transferring to other entities, which means that there must be an agreement. In literature, there is a higher level of esthetics, but this does not exclude pragmatism. While eg. in journalism, a higher degree of pragmatism, but it does not necessarily mean that there is no aesthetic. There is intertextuality. For example, the parody – there parodiziranje literary work that already exists, we mythema, whose basic text comes from another, previously written text hipotekst. Even in the literature have metajazichnost yet dominate vtorostepenosta. It should be noted and the consideration that relates to the fact that there is a difference between literary and linguistic systems. Some systems faster change, others more slowly. Systems include konvencionalizirani relations imply a certain constancy legality. Speech is practice the kind of language use. Linguistic system is slowly changing. A change in the system of language comes when occurring changes in the conventional system. The change in the lexicon is not a real change in the language, but the change in syntax is a real change, because the syntax is a mirror of the language, it is the soul, the essence of language. In the 20th century resulting rapid and radical changes in literary systems, and in language systems can not change for centuries. Literary system as a secondary Literary Semiotics Systems vary in degree modelativnata power. Systems have a high degree of first instance modelativna power and appeal have lower degree modelativna power. Literature is not that important (secondary) sign system. In the literature, the language system is reorganized in a different way, because prirodojazichniot system is already encoded, he once again coded in the literature, which means that the literary system is doubly coded. = CODE = Code means is prohibited and what is not. The term â€Å"code† is not a purely literary term, but comes from egzaknite sciences (mathematics, computer science). Code shows us the optimal boundary between the forbidden and permitted. Modelativnata power is the ability to present a subject in the form of linguistic or literary figure. The model is a picture of the items indicating displays a single character. Model of the object is displayed in a text can be closer to the world that displays, but can be distant. Therefore, some characters are considered to be relatively more realistic poreferencijalni, open to predmetmetot and others are considered less referential, hermetic and more confined to the subject. Structure prirodojazichniot sign implies a direct connection between the sign and the referent. A literary system that relationship between the sign and the object is indirect, and even invisible. When reading the signs, the whole array of interpretenti that are sorted from other sign with any reader pbuduva whole range of different images, each reader think differently. For example, the term â€Å"Company† each poimuva different: one has a no house, stone house, ruined house, a beautiful house, a house-snail, small house, white house etc.. Models, the image of the subject in the literature represents what must exist, what can be absent. Ordinary language signs poreferencijalni, because the connection between the sign and the matter may be provieri, and in literature it has not. Some literary characters completely reject referentiality and identify as nereferencijalni or auto-referential. They completely distracted by the relationship between the sign and object, life, the world, etc.. But after Mallarme annulling all those links, they are invisible, and even signs can not signify anything other than themselves. These marks signify themselves and thus resolve the question of the definition of the sign that always means something that exists outside of them. These characters have their origin and their long-lasting tradition. Repealed logical connections between them, or at least invisible at first glance. There are literary characters to a greater extent referential and such that auto-referential, that encourage thinking the sign, except the exact information they want to offer something more to the subject, ie the world who represent; those signs tend to have a broader, more universal information how organized life and the world. In the literary system is activated principle sozvuchnost musicality, that activates the eneral signification semiotichnost, which plays a major role in the formation of literary texts that it does not matter what you say, but how you say. There are two completely identical words. Ordinary linguistic signs are distinguished by a high degree of symmetry between the object and the sign by which that object is marked. These signs are harder legible because they distort the image of a world that is marked with thi s sign; while doing so because of the asymmetry between the sign and the object, ie the world; not think of anything specifically. Literary system is: First secondary, secondary; Second double coded; Third iconic, picturesque, with a high degree modelativnost; 4th relationship between the object and the sign is asymmetric; 5th shows interest in the character and high degree of auto-and at the same time and communication and information. It is believed that all these properties of the literary system, its structure shows in a nutshell – the tropics. It is believed that ordinary language tends to conventionalize be used automatically, but literary-art information tends to be something more than mere information. In this sense, ordinary expressions have low informativnost. The purpose of literature is constantly questioned images umrtvile forgotten language, and it achieves when they express will deliver another new context and text and no more primates using automated. What’s old, already seen, automated, predictable, does not carry much information. But when you make a transformation, modification context, the degree of unpredictability gives it clear that there is some degree of artistic expression. What is stereotypically can perform literary function only when you are questioned and it will say something new, unknown, unpredictable. In literary communication is very important reader that fits into his measure expectation is already known, conventional, and what exceeds this measure is shocking and purely literary. To develop the system, it should be constantly introduce changes that will have a radical character. It is believed that the literary system is a complex system, because it is simultaneously modelativen iconic communicative, informative etc.. STRUCTURE AND LITERARY-artistic structure The term structure is taken from disciplines that have the exact character. This term means the constitution, construction, structure, composition. Can speak of a connection between the structure and the system (composition pragma). Pragma-linguistic semantic __ decorative what is encountered in all literary genres. Literary form is prezentativen. There is a prejudice that oako speaks of structure, must be taken only strucuturalist method. Strucuturalist method of studying literature immanent – within, regardless of external factors. Structure – nestatichna. This term has its prehistory and predstrukturalistichkiot method. Promotes the emergence of Saussure, then in Prague structuralists in 30 years (Roman Jakobson). The structure is a way of organizing a race, when you are thinking of something dynamic, live outdoors. But it always is a minimum order, which can be viewed transhistoric outside of literature. It shows anthropology and linguistics. Distinguished two levels of understanding society. Archetypal structures – which manifests Oedipus, infanticide, Phaedra, and it asa eglavno negative occurrence. They are constantly renewing, changing WMO their name, the essence is the same. When speaking of the structure, not thinking assemblies, but the relationship between these parts that are different relations. The structure is latent given, you need to be activated to express a given relationship. It is not a material category, but a correlation between at least two parts, as part of one great whole. There must be a ratio of that unit which is higher than those who own parts. The label may not mean anything. Even the sign is a higher instance. It establishes relations between the sign and the signified. The context shows us how the text structures and includes the subject, as well as the channel through which they passed. The structure is separable elements that make up the parts that build a third instance. It is not equal to the sum of those parts. The idea of structure has its own continuum from Plato onwards. When speaking of a literary work of art can not change the way the author laid the parts. Work itself has a rigid structure, there is coherence. Any literary work of art has a minimum structure, within a text is completed. Structure does not exhaust in terms of the text itself, but continues in the relations between texts that are external. The internal structure is latent, but in proportion with the reader that changes its character. Structure becomes external, opens to a text read in a social context of a given epoch. It opens towards the category of value, ie toward non-literary categories participating in the reader and the author. The text-reader-author is different in the written and oral tradition. In oral literature there is a collective, multidisciplinary artist, oral text is intended for a different kind of reception kolektiviet (holidays protakularni religious rites). The novel is an individual kind. It introduces a new relation to the adoption of the text (information and understanding). In everyday communication relationships are different speakers-reader known. In the literary work of art speaks of aesthetic structure – art. That does not mean that it is polisemantichka multifunctional (educational, ethnic, linguistic, fun, social). Linguistic literary system implies certain conventions. The literary structure is composed of text and context (genre code metajazichnosta all types of channels, psychological, biographical, biological factors). Literary structure implies something conditionally given (text). Contextual factors – open. The text is the primary datum in the literature. He builds with just reading and valued. Ultimately, it ends in a new value. Text Literary and artistic text Textus Lat. textus = texture, fabric, specific kind of tissue taken from the material environment and ported in the literature. Text – a literary work of art and represents graphic zvukoven part of the work. It is unchangeable part, material, literary and artistic work that is more complex, consisting of immaterial part style. Literary-may be in oral and written (literary) form. Text changes its status through history is part of the moral language conventions. The text is also linked to the development of human civilization. Associated with civilization signs. Each text is articulated and systematized, it is to communicate with him. The author (individual or collective) and the sign, by linking the text for a long time, and the reader was switched off. Today is considered that the reader can influence those literary conventions. Differences between the literary work of art and literary and artistic text. The text is considered an open category, sign, while the work is closed category, the whole classic with reduced significance. It is a theory of Roland Barthes and structuralists in France. Variability of the text seen in the oral tradition. Textuality is as fixed as a material part of the work. Each text serves not only to inform, but also to communicate. Text as a cultural and artistic means authorship readers act vrednvuanje denial and others. Cultural and artistic text linking at least two dimensions – historical and artistic ontological. There are literary and non-literary texts. How to cite Literary Semiotics, Essay examples

Report On Global Business International Market Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Report On Global Business for International Market Strategies. Answer: Global Business Global business strategies are set of skill in order to expand in international market. It defines how the local companies are functioning in the global atmosphere, and how they make decision for successful growth. Global business focuses on managing global organizations, providing them with a basic understanding of cultural forces. It defines the role meant to be applied while focusing on the global expansion. The necessity of blue print and a set of skills while taking a business on international platform (Adekola and Sergi, 2012). For example: Red bull has one of the successful business strategy, it looks like a global product due to its interesting marketing strategies and consistent business plan (Gitman and McDaniel, 2007). We would be discussing the global expansion strategies of Natural Organic Pharmacy which is planning to enter China and South Africa. Background of the company: Natural Organic Pharmacy has developed its product on homeopathic principles and pharmaceutical grade herbal products. It was launched in Melbourne Australia in the year 1999 with a mission to provide high quality, affordable, effective organic herbal solution. It was launched after realizing the difference in the market for attractive and high efficacy organic herbal products. The brand has maintained a strong positioning in the market due to its environment sustainability. The product is been certified 100 % carbon free, cruelty free and is vegan for many years. Today Natural Organic Pharmacy is selling more than 80 organic herbal products. It is been recognized all over Australia for selling the range of best herbal products. The product are sold through medium like physical distribution channels, online selling. They are operating mini stores all over Australia. The company started its online distribution in year 2007. The quality of the product and its patent technology make it one of the recognized brands in Australia. It is only due to the expert team and dedicated staff Natural Organic Pharmacy has become one of the trusted brand. It has a workforce of 500 people in Australia .The annual turnover in 2015 was $45 million. Its patent herbal technology is distinguishing it from other available products. This has created an upsurge in the international market Introduction to Chinese market China has a great market. It is known for establishing business retail outlet by the people from different part of the world. They work with different distribution channel in order to achieve the target result. It has around 25 distinct group of market /city with different market preference, tradition law (Zakkour, 2014).china market is in between the transformation to create new opportunity. The forces which are causing the change are firstly the upper middle class and rich households as the force of expenditure secondly a new age of freer-spending, urbane consumers; and lastly the role played by the e-commerce (Parlabene, 2012). There is good news for all Australian exporters who are dealing in the consumer goods. Chinese market is opening new avenue for the international exporters. Due to its large population .China is opening for Australian natural skincare products; ocean products, wine, fashion, milk products (Export to China, 2016).it is believed that the brand is more important than the price of the product.Shanghai and Beijing each has a population of over 20 million which is more than the Australias population, Australian exporters need to focus on one target market in order to procure the result. It is important to focus on one target market and to create the required result by focusing on one (Cheng, 2014). Entry mode to Chinese market There is different mode to enter into the international market. The Natural Organic Pharmacy solution has already created a brand name in its local market. China provides a huge market to organic pharmaceutical products (Cheng, 2014). It is very important to choose the entry mode while framing global strategies. Various modes to enter into the international market are licensing, franchising, joint venture, export/import and strategic alliance. The choice to enter in a global market completely depends on the companys global expansion strategies with respect to the host country. The Natural Organic Pharmacy can enter through joint venture strategy with the local partner. Partnership is an important mode to enter in Asian market. Firstly local partner understand the market need and culture secondly he can easily communicate with the local distributors. Inter partner compatibility is important. There are four broad areas in which Inter partner compatibility is divided which are culture, strategy , organizational capabilities and financial traits. The compatibility in these key areas provide with the key foundation for a successful international joint venture (Sharpe, 2001). Various risks involved while joint venturing Commercial risk The commercial risk is the risk caused due to financial instability. It is the loss caused due to partners in the market. It occurs due to trading partner willingness to pay. Firstly the most state commercial law and regulations are constituted to serve state owned enterprises entered on economic reform; the non-state enterprise is unequally scrutinizing the ongoing company law. It depicts the ongoing discrimination against non state owned enterprises (Li, 2007). Currency risk It is the risk which is caused due to the threat in term of foreign currencies which are operating in china. The capital market in china is little immature which makes it difficult for the foreign market. The market is subject to fluctuation which causes a great uncertainty in the mind of the foreign investors (Earnshaw, 2005). Countrys risk It is the risk associated with investing in foreign land. There are multiple risks which are political, exchange, economic, sovereign and transfer risk. High volatility in the stock market is one of the factors which may cause instability in the functioning of the organization. Like any other country china doesnt want to be told what is to be done or not. It prefers playing by its own choice. China has a communist economy which makes it difficult for the foreign companies to establish well. Cultural risk It is very difficult to develop relationship with Chinese suppliers. Language is a barrier while doing business in China. In order to secure good business it is essential to know a person who knows the language. A local person can assist in fulfilling customary practices. China has a different culture than other countries. This may act as a barrier while expanding business. Other problems The social tensions linked in the country regarding inequality is hampering the growth of international trade secondly there is an overcapacities in certain set of industries and a high level of debt which is making difficult for the foreign companies to invest thirdly the fragile Chinese banks and ambiguous government policies make the investment more difficult for the international investors. Justification for the chosen country China has the fastest growing economy. It is believed that the country will make a remarkable change in the coming years. It is densely populated and has opened doors for the importers in the field organic pharmaceutical products (Cheng, 2014). China has a population of over1 .371 billion, which is highest in the world (China, 2016). China has the largest growing economy which provides a platform to the outsides in order to make an investment. Chinese economy is growing at a faster rate. It has the fastest growing economy with the high rate of remarkable contribution made by the government efforts towards the growth. Australian exporters need to pace up as the Chinese market is much more faster than the rest of the world.. Chinese market appreciates new trends, innovative ideas and pioneers creative thinking. Innovative ideas would help in creating a good market, which will help in establishing the name very early. It is rightly said about china that, the investor needs to double its overall budget. Dedicated business would overall bring a remarkable change. The Chinese market is believed to increase about the market 9% annually. It is believed that the china economy would be second largest after US (King, 2016). Introduction to South African market South Africa has one of the most stable governments in the African continent and is recognized as one of the emerging markets to invest in compared to the economies of western world (Mail Guardian, 2011).South Africa is considered to be the getaway into Africa due to its comparatively best infrastructure, telecom and highly developed financial and banking system. Setting up of new company law, has simplified the incorporation documents. The banking structure of South African is more illustrative and has developed in recent times. International brand should focus on capturing consumers and consolidating marketplaces (Export markets - South Africa, 2016).Its new growth route must be sustainable Asia-style. This is what many corporate are now facing when entering the African region: seeking to strategically position their businesses in uncertain markets. (Export markets - South Africa, 2016). South Africa is one of the most sophisticated, diverse and promising emerging markets in the world. South Africa has an easy accessibility which distinguishes it from the rest. South Africa provides a good investment opportunity to inside and outside traders. The reasons to invest in South Africa are due to sound economic policies, it is due to fiscal framework and domestic competiveness, a favorable business and legal environment, there is an easy accessibility to the market moreover the trade policies and strategic alliance Trade agreement helps in accelerating the overall growth in the continent.. The Economic Development Division of the Department of Trade and Industry is responsible for negotiating in the behalf of the country (South Africa: open for business, 2016). Mode of entry The mode of entry for Natural Organic Pharmacy product is through the strategic alliance .firstly the company needs to ally with a local South African company in order to distribute the resources. Firstly local partner understand the market need and culture secondly he can easily communicate with the local distributors. Setting up of distribution channels in different cities would be economical for the company due to availability of cheap labor. The South African economy is growing at a fast pace which would enable company to grow. The product can be made available through the distribution channels which are essentially through the local market. It is necessary to partnering with the local as they understand the market needs. Survey shows that the ease of doing business is greater in South Africa as compare to Nigeria, Brazil, India and China (The ease of doing business in South Africa, 2016) The risk involved in South African market is as follows Commercial risk South Africa is a growing economy. It is believed to have huge market investments. The era marked as the growth of the Asian countries but South Africa has an ability to adopt the changes in the field of pharmaceuticals. The company cannot rely on the locals for bearing the cost. No matter the country has the best policies but it is still on a developing stage. In order to minimize the commercial risk the company needs to make a clever investment. Currency risk in Africa It is the risk which is caused due to the market fluctuations and change in the currency rates. South Africa should focus on the currency unification, pooling of reserves and should be facilitated sooner in order to comply with the change in the market segment (Maasdorp, 2016). Country risk The risk associated with investing in foreign country. There are multiple risks which are political, exchange, economic, sovereign and transfer risk. High volatility in the stock market is one of the factors which may cause instability in the functioning of the organization The Company may face initial problem while serving the needs of the local people. It needs to make changes according to the requirement of the local people. Cultural risk South Africa is a land of multiple cultures. It is a land of multiple languages. The business environment is informal. Although South Africa has a transactional culture, understanding local background would help in expanding business (South Africa.2016). Justification for the chosen country Like any other economy South Africa is seeing a tremendous growth in its culture. Due to its growth and status it is made important to choose the African economy as the fastest growing economy. Firstly there will be a tremendous growth in the field of pharmaceutical industry as expected recently. It is due to its diversified market and culture which is enabling the growth.. The distinguished market and its need would surely help in serving the needs of the upcoming company. It can ally with any of the local company in order to serve the needs. By keeping the nominal price which is essential while entering in any of the local South African market The value of South African industry is rising at a high speed. It is predicted that the pharmaceutical industry would do better in the coming years (Holt.et.al, 2015) Urbanization: African population is moving towards urbanization. It is predicted that the country will witness change in coming years. Africas population is showing a massive change in the coming time (Holt.et.al, 2015). Healthcare capacity: There will be a change in the health care facilities in the coming years. It is seen that the country will see a tremendous growth in the health care facilities. When the whole world is at a stagnant point South Africa is showing a fast growth. The key to success is only through good market strategies. The international strategist can only make a remarkable change by adopting the correct market policies .South Africa will grow for the foreseeable future. It will be seen that the market will make good change in the coming years through its policies. Growing economy china China has made a tremendous change in the market segment in terms of pharmaceutical industries. China has the fastest growing economy. It is believed that the country will make a remarkable change in the coming years. It is densely populated and has opened doors for the importers in the field organic pharmaceutical products (Cheng, 2014). It seems to be all good news for Australian exporters, especially consumer goods exporters. Chinese market is opening new avenue for the international exporters. Due to its large population .China is opening door for Australian natural skincare products; seafood, wine, milk powder and fashion products (Export to China, 2016) The Natural Organic Pharmacy can enter through joint venture strategy with the local partner. Partnership is an important mode to enter in Asian market. Firstly local partner understand the market need and culture secondly one can easily communicate with the local distributors. Inter partner compatibility is important. China is now providing perfect atmosphere to the importers for building good strategic alliances. Conclusion: China is considered to be the high paced economy due to its current market trends. It depicts that the Chinese economy will show tremendous changes in the coming year through its strong policies and structure. The country is known for its best infrastructure, telecommunication which would provide a platform to the outside investor. The natural organic is entering in an international business partnering with the local company. This would help in the company in long run. As the local trader understands the market needs. This would help in creating better opportunities as compared to South Africa. References: Adekola, A. and Sergi, B.2012. Global Business Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. UK: Ashgate Publishing Cheng, S. (2014). China - A Gold Mine for Consumer Goods Exporters? https://www.australianbusiness.com.au/international-trade/export-markets/china/china---a-gold-mine-for-consumer-goods-exporters- Earnshaw, G.2005. China Economic Review's China Business Guide. China Economic Review Pub Export markets - South Africa.2016. . (Online) Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-markets/Countries/South-Africa/Doing-business (Accessed on: September 8, 2016) Export to China.2016. . (Online) Available at https://www.business.vic.gov.au/export/export-markets/china(Accessed on: September 8, 2016) Gitman, L.and McDaniel, C.2007. The Future of Business: The Essentials.US: Cengage Learning King, R.2016.The China Market. (Online) Available at: https://www.businesslife.com/articles.php?id=1106. (Accessed on: September 8, 2016) King,R.2016. https://www.businesslife.com/articles.php?id=1106 The China Market: Opportunities and Risks Li, S.2007. The Legal Environment and Risks for Foreign Investment in China. Springer Science Business Media Maasdorp, G.2016. Can South and Southern Africa become Globally Competitive Economies? Springer Parlabene, L.2012. Market entry strategy for the Chinese market on the example of Volkswagen. GRIN Verlag The ease of doing business in South Africa.2016. . (Online) Available at https://www.southafrica.info/business/investing/open.htm#ease. (Accessed on: September 8, 2016) Vrondas, J.2016.Doing Business in China and Foreign Exchange Risk Management. (Online) Available at: https://www.americanexpress.com/us/content/foreign-exchange/articles/doing-business-in-china-managing-foreign-exchange-risk/ (Accessed on 8 September 2016) Wagner, D.2012. Managing Country Risk: A Practitioners Guide to Effective Cross-Border Risk Analysis a Productivity Press book. CRC Press Yan, A. and Luo.Y.2001. International Joint Ventures: Theory and Practice. M.E. Sharpe. Zakkour, M.2014. 'The China Market' Becomes 'The China Global Demographic'(Online).Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelzakkour/2014/03/13/the-china-market-becomes-the-china-global-demographic/#45856f3f2e6d (accessed on: September 8, 2016) South Africa.2016. (Online). Available at: https://www.tmf-group.com/en/media-centre/resources/top-challenges/emea/south-africa. (Accessed on: September 12, 2016)

Report On Global Business International Market Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Report On Global Business for International Market Strategies. Answer: Global Business Global business strategies are set of skill in order to expand in international market. It defines how the local companies are functioning in the global atmosphere, and how they make decision for successful growth. Global business focuses on managing global organizations, providing them with a basic understanding of cultural forces. It defines the role meant to be applied while focusing on the global expansion. The necessity of blue print and a set of skills while taking a business on international platform (Adekola and Sergi, 2012). For example: Red bull has one of the successful business strategy, it looks like a global product due to its interesting marketing strategies and consistent business plan (Gitman and McDaniel, 2007). We would be discussing the global expansion strategies of Natural Organic Pharmacy which is planning to enter China and South Africa. Background of the company: Natural Organic Pharmacy has developed its product on homeopathic principles and pharmaceutical grade herbal products. It was launched in Melbourne Australia in the year 1999 with a mission to provide high quality, affordable, effective organic herbal solution. It was launched after realizing the difference in the market for attractive and high efficacy organic herbal products. The brand has maintained a strong positioning in the market due to its environment sustainability. The product is been certified 100 % carbon free, cruelty free and is vegan for many years. Today Natural Organic Pharmacy is selling more than 80 organic herbal products. It is been recognized all over Australia for selling the range of best herbal products. The product are sold through medium like physical distribution channels, online selling. They are operating mini stores all over Australia. The company started its online distribution in year 2007. The quality of the product and its patent technology make it one of the recognized brands in Australia. It is only due to the expert team and dedicated staff Natural Organic Pharmacy has become one of the trusted brand. It has a workforce of 500 people in Australia .The annual turnover in 2015 was $45 million. Its patent herbal technology is distinguishing it from other available products. This has created an upsurge in the international market Introduction to Chinese market China has a great market. It is known for establishing business retail outlet by the people from different part of the world. They work with different distribution channel in order to achieve the target result. It has around 25 distinct group of market /city with different market preference, tradition law (Zakkour, 2014).china market is in between the transformation to create new opportunity. The forces which are causing the change are firstly the upper middle class and rich households as the force of expenditure secondly a new age of freer-spending, urbane consumers; and lastly the role played by the e-commerce (Parlabene, 2012). There is good news for all Australian exporters who are dealing in the consumer goods. Chinese market is opening new avenue for the international exporters. Due to its large population .China is opening for Australian natural skincare products; ocean products, wine, fashion, milk products (Export to China, 2016).it is believed that the brand is more important than the price of the product.Shanghai and Beijing each has a population of over 20 million which is more than the Australias population, Australian exporters need to focus on one target market in order to procure the result. It is important to focus on one target market and to create the required result by focusing on one (Cheng, 2014). Entry mode to Chinese market There is different mode to enter into the international market. The Natural Organic Pharmacy solution has already created a brand name in its local market. China provides a huge market to organic pharmaceutical products (Cheng, 2014). It is very important to choose the entry mode while framing global strategies. Various modes to enter into the international market are licensing, franchising, joint venture, export/import and strategic alliance. The choice to enter in a global market completely depends on the companys global expansion strategies with respect to the host country. The Natural Organic Pharmacy can enter through joint venture strategy with the local partner. Partnership is an important mode to enter in Asian market. Firstly local partner understand the market need and culture secondly he can easily communicate with the local distributors. Inter partner compatibility is important. There are four broad areas in which Inter partner compatibility is divided which are culture, strategy , organizational capabilities and financial traits. The compatibility in these key areas provide with the key foundation for a successful international joint venture (Sharpe, 2001). Various risks involved while joint venturing Commercial risk The commercial risk is the risk caused due to financial instability. It is the loss caused due to partners in the market. It occurs due to trading partner willingness to pay. Firstly the most state commercial law and regulations are constituted to serve state owned enterprises entered on economic reform; the non-state enterprise is unequally scrutinizing the ongoing company law. It depicts the ongoing discrimination against non state owned enterprises (Li, 2007). Currency risk It is the risk which is caused due to the threat in term of foreign currencies which are operating in china. The capital market in china is little immature which makes it difficult for the foreign market. The market is subject to fluctuation which causes a great uncertainty in the mind of the foreign investors (Earnshaw, 2005). Countrys risk It is the risk associated with investing in foreign land. There are multiple risks which are political, exchange, economic, sovereign and transfer risk. High volatility in the stock market is one of the factors which may cause instability in the functioning of the organization. Like any other country china doesnt want to be told what is to be done or not. It prefers playing by its own choice. China has a communist economy which makes it difficult for the foreign companies to establish well. Cultural risk It is very difficult to develop relationship with Chinese suppliers. Language is a barrier while doing business in China. In order to secure good business it is essential to know a person who knows the language. A local person can assist in fulfilling customary practices. China has a different culture than other countries. This may act as a barrier while expanding business. Other problems The social tensions linked in the country regarding inequality is hampering the growth of international trade secondly there is an overcapacities in certain set of industries and a high level of debt which is making difficult for the foreign companies to invest thirdly the fragile Chinese banks and ambiguous government policies make the investment more difficult for the international investors. Justification for the chosen country China has the fastest growing economy. It is believed that the country will make a remarkable change in the coming years. It is densely populated and has opened doors for the importers in the field organic pharmaceutical products (Cheng, 2014). China has a population of over1 .371 billion, which is highest in the world (China, 2016). China has the largest growing economy which provides a platform to the outsides in order to make an investment. Chinese economy is growing at a faster rate. It has the fastest growing economy with the high rate of remarkable contribution made by the government efforts towards the growth. Australian exporters need to pace up as the Chinese market is much more faster than the rest of the world.. Chinese market appreciates new trends, innovative ideas and pioneers creative thinking. Innovative ideas would help in creating a good market, which will help in establishing the name very early. It is rightly said about china that, the investor needs to double its overall budget. Dedicated business would overall bring a remarkable change. The Chinese market is believed to increase about the market 9% annually. It is believed that the china economy would be second largest after US (King, 2016). Introduction to South African market South Africa has one of the most stable governments in the African continent and is recognized as one of the emerging markets to invest in compared to the economies of western world (Mail Guardian, 2011).South Africa is considered to be the getaway into Africa due to its comparatively best infrastructure, telecom and highly developed financial and banking system. Setting up of new company law, has simplified the incorporation documents. The banking structure of South African is more illustrative and has developed in recent times. International brand should focus on capturing consumers and consolidating marketplaces (Export markets - South Africa, 2016).Its new growth route must be sustainable Asia-style. This is what many corporate are now facing when entering the African region: seeking to strategically position their businesses in uncertain markets. (Export markets - South Africa, 2016). South Africa is one of the most sophisticated, diverse and promising emerging markets in the world. South Africa has an easy accessibility which distinguishes it from the rest. South Africa provides a good investment opportunity to inside and outside traders. The reasons to invest in South Africa are due to sound economic policies, it is due to fiscal framework and domestic competiveness, a favorable business and legal environment, there is an easy accessibility to the market moreover the trade policies and strategic alliance Trade agreement helps in accelerating the overall growth in the continent.. The Economic Development Division of the Department of Trade and Industry is responsible for negotiating in the behalf of the country (South Africa: open for business, 2016). Mode of entry The mode of entry for Natural Organic Pharmacy product is through the strategic alliance .firstly the company needs to ally with a local South African company in order to distribute the resources. Firstly local partner understand the market need and culture secondly he can easily communicate with the local distributors. Setting up of distribution channels in different cities would be economical for the company due to availability of cheap labor. The South African economy is growing at a fast pace which would enable company to grow. The product can be made available through the distribution channels which are essentially through the local market. It is necessary to partnering with the local as they understand the market needs. Survey shows that the ease of doing business is greater in South Africa as compare to Nigeria, Brazil, India and China (The ease of doing business in South Africa, 2016) The risk involved in South African market is as follows Commercial risk South Africa is a growing economy. It is believed to have huge market investments. The era marked as the growth of the Asian countries but South Africa has an ability to adopt the changes in the field of pharmaceuticals. The company cannot rely on the locals for bearing the cost. No matter the country has the best policies but it is still on a developing stage. In order to minimize the commercial risk the company needs to make a clever investment. Currency risk in Africa It is the risk which is caused due to the market fluctuations and change in the currency rates. South Africa should focus on the currency unification, pooling of reserves and should be facilitated sooner in order to comply with the change in the market segment (Maasdorp, 2016). Country risk The risk associated with investing in foreign country. There are multiple risks which are political, exchange, economic, sovereign and transfer risk. High volatility in the stock market is one of the factors which may cause instability in the functioning of the organization The Company may face initial problem while serving the needs of the local people. It needs to make changes according to the requirement of the local people. Cultural risk South Africa is a land of multiple cultures. It is a land of multiple languages. The business environment is informal. Although South Africa has a transactional culture, understanding local background would help in expanding business (South Africa.2016). Justification for the chosen country Like any other economy South Africa is seeing a tremendous growth in its culture. Due to its growth and status it is made important to choose the African economy as the fastest growing economy. Firstly there will be a tremendous growth in the field of pharmaceutical industry as expected recently. It is due to its diversified market and culture which is enabling the growth.. The distinguished market and its need would surely help in serving the needs of the upcoming company. It can ally with any of the local company in order to serve the needs. By keeping the nominal price which is essential while entering in any of the local South African market The value of South African industry is rising at a high speed. It is predicted that the pharmaceutical industry would do better in the coming years (Holt.et.al, 2015) Urbanization: African population is moving towards urbanization. It is predicted that the country will witness change in coming years. Africas population is showing a massive change in the coming time (Holt.et.al, 2015). Healthcare capacity: There will be a change in the health care facilities in the coming years. It is seen that the country will see a tremendous growth in the health care facilities. When the whole world is at a stagnant point South Africa is showing a fast growth. The key to success is only through good market strategies. The international strategist can only make a remarkable change by adopting the correct market policies .South Africa will grow for the foreseeable future. It will be seen that the market will make good change in the coming years through its policies. Growing economy china China has made a tremendous change in the market segment in terms of pharmaceutical industries. China has the fastest growing economy. It is believed that the country will make a remarkable change in the coming years. It is densely populated and has opened doors for the importers in the field organic pharmaceutical products (Cheng, 2014). It seems to be all good news for Australian exporters, especially consumer goods exporters. Chinese market is opening new avenue for the international exporters. Due to its large population .China is opening door for Australian natural skincare products; seafood, wine, milk powder and fashion products (Export to China, 2016) The Natural Organic Pharmacy can enter through joint venture strategy with the local partner. Partnership is an important mode to enter in Asian market. Firstly local partner understand the market need and culture secondly one can easily communicate with the local distributors. Inter partner compatibility is important. China is now providing perfect atmosphere to the importers for building good strategic alliances. Conclusion: China is considered to be the high paced economy due to its current market trends. It depicts that the Chinese economy will show tremendous changes in the coming year through its strong policies and structure. The country is known for its best infrastructure, telecommunication which would provide a platform to the outside investor. The natural organic is entering in an international business partnering with the local company. This would help in the company in long run. As the local trader understands the market needs. This would help in creating better opportunities as compared to South Africa. References: Adekola, A. and Sergi, B.2012. Global Business Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. UK: Ashgate Publishing Cheng, S. (2014). China - A Gold Mine for Consumer Goods Exporters? https://www.australianbusiness.com.au/international-trade/export-markets/china/china---a-gold-mine-for-consumer-goods-exporters- Earnshaw, G.2005. China Economic Review's China Business Guide. China Economic Review Pub Export markets - South Africa.2016. . (Online) Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Export/Export-markets/Countries/South-Africa/Doing-business (Accessed on: September 8, 2016) Export to China.2016. . (Online) Available at https://www.business.vic.gov.au/export/export-markets/china(Accessed on: September 8, 2016) Gitman, L.and McDaniel, C.2007. The Future of Business: The Essentials.US: Cengage Learning King, R.2016.The China Market. (Online) Available at: https://www.businesslife.com/articles.php?id=1106. (Accessed on: September 8, 2016) King,R.2016. https://www.businesslife.com/articles.php?id=1106 The China Market: Opportunities and Risks Li, S.2007. The Legal Environment and Risks for Foreign Investment in China. Springer Science Business Media Maasdorp, G.2016. Can South and Southern Africa become Globally Competitive Economies? Springer Parlabene, L.2012. Market entry strategy for the Chinese market on the example of Volkswagen. GRIN Verlag The ease of doing business in South Africa.2016. . (Online) Available at https://www.southafrica.info/business/investing/open.htm#ease. (Accessed on: September 8, 2016) Vrondas, J.2016.Doing Business in China and Foreign Exchange Risk Management. (Online) Available at: https://www.americanexpress.com/us/content/foreign-exchange/articles/doing-business-in-china-managing-foreign-exchange-risk/ (Accessed on 8 September 2016) Wagner, D.2012. Managing Country Risk: A Practitioners Guide to Effective Cross-Border Risk Analysis a Productivity Press book. CRC Press Yan, A. and Luo.Y.2001. International Joint Ventures: Theory and Practice. M.E. Sharpe. Zakkour, M.2014. 'The China Market' Becomes 'The China Global Demographic'(Online).Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelzakkour/2014/03/13/the-china-market-becomes-the-china-global-demographic/#45856f3f2e6d (accessed on: September 8, 2016) South Africa.2016. (Online). Available at: https://www.tmf-group.com/en/media-centre/resources/top-challenges/emea/south-africa. (Accessed on: September 12, 2016)

A Social Interaction Problem in the USA

Social problems can be simply defined as those problems, which affect the society in addition to the person who falls victim. That is, they are problems that occur outside the limits of personal problems. As such, it is not possible for these problems to be solved by an individual alone since they normally require the intervention of every individual in the society. One such problem is the issue of teenage pregnancy that is currently being experienced in most parts of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Social Interaction Problem in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In America, the issue of teenage pregnancy has proved to be a social problem given the alarming rates of teenage pregnancy being experienced in the nation. Statistics have indicated that about one million teenagers in America get pregnant each year (Gillham 13). This is to mean that approximately one out every four teenagers in America is pregnant or has a child. These rates have proved to be the highest in the Western world. From this, it can be clearly depicted that teenage pregnancy is a critical issue facing the United States of America. Teenage pregnancy is a social interaction problem because of the burden that the society faces as a result of this problem. First, teenage pregnancy in most cases occurs to girls below the age of twenty years. At this age, the girl is normally expected to be pursuing their studies in high school or college. However, when the girl becomes pregnant, chances of going on with their studies are normally minimal (Kaplan). This is because of the fact that the child becomes a burden to the teenage mother hence preventing her from completing her studies. This teenage girl eventually becomes semi-illiterate and it becomes difficult to get a job with their level of education. The pregnancy eventually makes the teenage girl depend on the society hence a burden on the society. For instanc e, the government of the United States of America recently states that it spends close to $6.9 billion on the public assistance of teenage pregnancy crisis. Secondly, the victims of teenage pregnancy normally refrain from interacting with their peers as they did before the pregnancy (Checkland and Wong). Most of the teenage girls who have fallen victim of teenage pregnancy normally feel ashamed and decide to keep to themselves. As such, teenage pregnancy robs of the teenagers their childhood by making them act as adults while their ages do not allow them to do so. This eventually leads to poor health since they spend most of their time thinking of their situation, which is despised in the society.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having seen at how the problem of teenage pregnancy adversely affects the American society it is important that the preventive and corrective measures b e taken in order to help curb this problem. Research conducted in the United States of America has indicated that most of the teenage pregnancies are as a result of lack or poor use of contraceptives (Kaplan). As such, the government of the United States of America should evolve ways through which the entire public and especially the teenagers will be educated and informed of the contraception methods in order to reduce cases of teenage pregnancies. It is also important that the teenagers be informed of the risks of engaging in pre-marital sex such as risks of being infected with the endless list of sexually transmitted infections/ diseases. Works Cited Checkland, David and Wong, James. Teen Pregnancy and Parenting: Social and  Ethical Issues. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1999. Print. Gillham, Bill. The facts about teenage pregnancies. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997. Print. Kaplan, Elaine. Not Our Kind of Girl: Unraveling the Myths of Bla ck Teenage  Motherhood. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997. Print. This essay on A Social Interaction Problem in the USA was written and submitted by user Michael W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

To Kill a Mockingbird Overview

To Kill a Mockingbird Overview To Kill a Mockingbird is a searing portrayal of racial prejudice, justice, and innocence lost into a complex mixture of childish naivete and mature observation, while simultaneously being a sort of love letter to small town Southern life. The end result is a novel that is both a brilliant rendering of a specific time and place as well as a study in the meaning of justice, the loss of innocence, and the realization that a place can be both a beloved childhood memory and where you first realized there was evil in the world. Plot Summary Scout Finch lives with her father, a lawyer and widower by the name of Atticus, and her brother, a young boy named Jem. The first part of the To Kill a Mockingbird tells of one summer. Jem and Scout play, make new friends, and first come to know of a shadowy figure by the name of Boo Radley, who lives in a neighboring house and yet is never seen. A young black man named Tom Robinson is accused of raping a white woman. Atticus takes on the case, despite the vitriol this arouses in the largely white, racist townsfolk. When the time of the trial comes around, Atticus proves that the girl that Tom Robinson is accused of raping actually seduced him, and that the injuries to her face were caused by her father, angry that she had tried to sleep with a black man. The all-white jury nevertheless convicts Robinson and he is later killed by while trying to escape from jail. The girls father, who holds a grudge against Atticus because of some of the things he said in court, waylays Scout and Jem as they walk home one night. They are saved by the mysterious Boo, who disarms their attacker and kills him. Major Characters Scout Finch. Jean Louise ‛Scout’ Finch is the narrator and main character of the novel. Scout is a ‛tomboy’ who rejects traditional feminine roles and trappings. Scout initially believes that there is always a clear right and wrong in every situation; as Scout grows older, she begins to understand more about the world around her and begins to value reading and education more. Atticus Finch. Scout’s widower father is an attorney. Atticus is a bit of an iconoclast. He values education and indulges his children, trusting their judgment despite their young age. He is an intelligent, moral man who believes strongly in the rule of law and the necessity of blind justice. Jem Finch. Jeremy Atticus ‛Jem’ Finch is Scout’s older brother. He is protective of his status and often uses his superior age to force Scout to do things his way. He has a rich imagination and an energetic approach to life, but displays difficulty dealing with other people who do not rise to his standard. Boo Radley. A troubled recluse who lives next door to the Finches (but never leaves the house), Boo Radley is the subject of many rumors. Boo naturally fascinates the Finch children, and displays affection and kindness towards them, ultimately rescuing them from danger. Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson is a black man who supports his family by working as a field hand despite having a crippled left arm. He is charged with the rape of a white woman, and Atticus defends him. Major Themes Maturation. Scout and Jem are frequently confused about the motivations and reasoning of the adults around them. Lee explores the way that growing up and maturing into adults makes the world clearer while also less magical and more difficult, ultimately connecting racism with childish fears that adults ought not to experience. Prejudice. Lee explores the effects of prejudice of all kinds- racism, classism, and sexism. Lee makes it clear that racism is inextricably linked to economics, politics, and self-image. Sexism is explored in the novel through Scout and her constant battle to engage in behaviors she finds interesting instead of ‛appropriate’ behaviors for a girl. Justice and Morality. In the earlier parts of the novel Scout believes that morality and justice are the same thing. Tom Robinson’s trial and her observation of her father’s experiences teach her that there is often a stark difference between what is right and what is legal. Literary Style The novel utilizes subtly layered narration; it can be easy to forget that the story is actually being told by a grown-up, adult Jenna Louise and not the 6-year old Scout. Lee also restricts the point-of-view to Scout and what she directly observes, creating an air of mystery for the reader that mimics the childish sense of not quite understanding what all the adults are up to. About the Author Harper Lee was born in 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama. She published To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960 to instant acclaim, winning the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. She then worked with her friend Truman Capote on what would become Capote’s ‛nonfiction novel,’ In Cold Blood. Lee retreated from public life afterwards, granting few interviews and making almost no public appearances- and publishing almost no new material. She passed away in 2016 at the age of 89. Fast Facts Literature Study Guide Title: To Kill a MockingbirdAuthor: Harper LeePublisher: J.B. Lippincott Co.Year Published: 1960Genre: FictionType of Work: NovelOriginal language: EnglishThemes: Prejudice, justice, growing upCharacters: Scout Finch, Atticus Finch, Jem Finch, Tom Robinson, CalpurniaNotable adaptations: A 1962 film adaptation starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. Peck won a Best Actor Oscar for the role, and Harper Lee expressed satisfaction with the adaptation.Fun Fact: The ‛sequel’ novel Lee published in 2015 just a year before her death is actually first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird that was rejected by publishers. Lee took what were flashback scenes to Scout’s childhood and built on those to revise the novel into what became To Kill a Mockingbird.

Journal abstract Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal abstract - Assignment Example Data in this research was collected through interviews with the preschool mentors. The preschool mentors interviewed revealed that there are two fundamental perspectives that depict how special children can be provided the necessary educational support with. According to their first perspective, the interviewees said that nothing unique is done for the special children requiring support by the preschool mentors, in comparison to the opinion that special children require and acquire increased assistance from concerned staff in the daily preschool activities. The second of the two perspectives requires the preschool mentors to personally identify the particular education based support with respect to two basic themes, namely the direct and the indirect educational support. This research is of great significance to the preschool education and academic nurturing of children. The findings of this research are equally applicable on theory and practice. Through their study, the researchers have made a big contribution to the present body of understanding and knowledge apropos the special educational support which the needy children require in their preschool age. References: Sandberg, A., Norling, M., and Lillvist, A. (2009). Teachers' view of educational support to children in need of special support. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education. 1(2): 102-116.

Morality is Not Relative Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morality is Not Relative - Research Paper Example Moral definition by a society is highly dependent on the perception, attitudes and preferences of a society in the day to day interactions of people that make up that society. According to James Rachels, morality is not relative. Morality and resultant issues can be looked from different points of view. Rachels is well aware of this fact. In his discussion, cultural relativism is considered, alongside moral absolutism. The idea here is to point out the shortcomings associated with cultural relativism in the subject matter; morality. Use of real life examples enhances Rachels’ ideas, bringing out the natural and social picture that is easily applicable to societies. This is easy to understand and relate with, given the activities that define a given society. A good example used is that of infants and the explanation of how the society would fail to support itself following a cultural relativism application in that society. Specifically, people are socially responsible for bring ing up infants under the best available conditions. If such social responsibilities were not a central focus of the society, then the survival of the infants could be threatened (Pojman 411). On the same note, the society regenerates itself through reproduction, replacing the dead with the newborns. Such a social activity occurs generally without the imposition of rules to govern it. This is evidenced by the fact that a society that would chose not to replace their dead is not by rules fixed to that. However, social responsibility has it that the society should ensure its continuity. This way, even without rules to govern how infants are brought up, the society does its best to ensure that infants survive and the society ensures its presence over generations. There exists a universal interconnectedness of societies around the world. Universally accepted orders that define the differences between and among societies have been found to link these societies. Societal differences may no t be of the magnitude that is thought to exist. Rachels notes this and provides examples that show evidence of this claim. The example used relate to a society that fails to eat cows while another does, due to various reasons known to these societies (Pojman 410). This is just but example in numerous social contexts around the world. Different societies fail to do something based on reasons unique to them. However, the fail-to-practice code of one society is practice code for another, portraying just how much societies are connected universally. Fixed lifestyles that do not uphold this factor are presented by cultural relativism. Moral absolutism plays a fundamental role in assessing social interconnectedness. Societies are characterized by both rights and wrongs. In other words, different societies accept the fact that there exits both right and wrong between and among social interactions. However, what is considered right by one society is not necessarily right to other societies. Right and wrongdoings are confined to a specific societal definition by a particular society. On the same note, one society can make strong grounds that another society is right in doing something, while others may refute the right to constitute a wrong. Although morality is defined uniquely by the concept of right and wrong from one society to another, there are instances that stand out to interest all societies in being within the norms or against such norms. Such an instance is that given by Rachels about

Respond to classmates-Sexuality Around the World Essay

Respond to classmates-Sexuality Around the World - Essay Example For example, homosexuality is openly condemned in many African countries and viewed as an act against African customs. Specifically, a Sub-Saharan country, Uganda, has been pushing for a legislative action against homosexuals dubbed â€Å"Kill the Gays Bill† by the media (Sharlet, 2010). This high criminalization of an aspect of sexuality instills fear and degrades sense of belonging when homosexuals have to leave their countries for fear of being incarcerated or killed so to speak. Societies and governments can essentially play a vital role in reducing sexual dysfunctions. They need to consider individual differences in sexual orientation, personality, character, sexual needs, and sexual interests. Expecting all persons to exhibit the same sexual behavior is ignorant to the actual environment within which people are brought up. Sexuality freedom should be upheld. Countries around the world approach sexuality from diverse and dynamic points of view. Your focus on Indonesia is very informative and country-specific, thus highlighting sexuality in an intensive and extensive approach. The highlights you have presented about Indonesia are shared by many other countries worldwide. For instance, in many Middle East and African countries, women are there to be seen and not heard. Ultimately, their self-esteem is highly affected subject to sexuality and sexual performance. Beading of girls is a common practice among the Samburu people of the Kenyan communities in East Africa (Parkinson, Phillips, & Gourlay, 2006). Young girls engage in sexual activities with older men, resulting in the belief that their sexual behavior is best designed for the older males in the community. Notably, underage marriages are common alongside female genital mutilation (Parkinson, Phillips, & Gourlay, 2006). These practices often result in sexual desire and arousal implications relative to what the young girls are made to believe and

Improving Health Rural Areas Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay

Improving Health Rural Areas Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay This paper talks about poverty and how we can improve the health structure of people living in rural areas of Nigeria. Poverty creates ill- health because it forces people to live in environments that make them sick, without decent shelter, clean water or adequate sanitation. Poverty creates hunger, which in turn leaves people in danger to disease. Poverty denies people access to reliable health services and affordable medicines, and causes children to miss out on routine vaccinations. Poverty creates illiteracy, leaving people poorly Informed about health risks and forced into dangerous jobs that harm their health. It also seeks to discuss ways in which healthcare could be improve in the rural areas with the use of ICT. Furthermore, this paper seeks to document the problems associated with the lack of ICT in rural areas in Nigeria. On the other hand also it seeks to analyze the benefits of ICT when applied with healthcare delivery in the rural areas. Also it talks and suggests about medical practice like telemedicine, sharing of data through a database and sharing of experience that only ICT can bring about in the rural areas are only one of its kind approaches that can improve healthcare in the rural areas. Also how government would attempt or help to solve and reduce poverty in rural areas in the Nation such as electricitys, good roads for transportation and good communication network systems, well qualified doctors with adequate drugs for treatments. Introduction Health care is the treatment and prevention of illness. Health care is delivered by professionals in medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy and allied health. People living in rural area of Nigeria lack qualitative health care system such as good hospitals around, drugs and good professionals to examine them and even health education or health awareness program that could help educate them on how to live a healthy life. The whole idea of this project is to explain how we can improve healthcare in rural areas through the use of ICT. In Urban areas of Nigeria, so many health care deliveries are introduced such as Federal Medical Centres, Teaching Hospitals, Private Hospitals and Clinics located in states which have more equipments than rural areas that provide good equipments to examine patients at different kind of diseases. In Rural areas, health care is very poor and has no good equipments to treat patients with a particular disease. Also the people have to walk too far to receive bad treatment in a hospital that has neither professional doctor nor good drugs for treatment. Based on my private interview with a man in yola bye pass explain how healthcare affecting his own village saying: People are too poor and receiving lower income as such they cannot afford to go to the urban areas to receive good treatment because they are very poor and they cannot afford to go to school so as to maintain good health and no good health centers nearby. So if a woman has a difficult delivery, a traditional cloth is tied between two sticks and we carry her for seven kilometers to the health center. You know how long it will take to walk like that? And no one will help at the process. Lack of good food is the most frequent problem that brings sickness to the rural areas. Hunger and malnutrition are seen as underlying causes of many diseases. They cause weakness and exhaustion and making people more susceptible to infections. Many people say they eat only once a day and sometimes have nothing for lunch or dinner at the end. The poorest people rely on what they can find growing natural or by catching fish and shellfish. In towns, Hunger is less remarkable or noticeable than it is in rural areas. Hunger is highly seasonal, in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas, the season is determined by the agricultural cycle. In urban areas, it often corresponds to the rainy season, when there are fewer jobs in construction and vending. Women in rural areas are so weak by hunger as they do not have enough breast milk to feed their babies. Parents worry constantly about providing enough food for their children. Methodology My Research is based on online sources and interviews which help me to gather information. I also asked questions to people around me about rural health clinics to witness the healthcare situation in area of poverty in the Nation. How can we improve poor peoples health by the used of ICT? It is unquestionable that healthcare in rural Nigeria is in a terrible stage where needs suppose to be address by the help of the governments. There are many ways in which it can be improved. Yet, we are focusing more on the development with the assist of information technology. In the rural areas of Nigeria, information are usually composed and analyzed to provide information for health employees as well as global health programs in the nation. These information help out to bring useful health care to the people. This data is significant so that they can make important decisions as to the healthcare of the people. But, this is not easily done as most of the data are collected manually on paper. This leads to several problems. We as people due make mistakes and incorrect data maybe recorded and inconsistencies may result. The loss of data can be very detrimental to the process of providing healthcare to the people. The introduction of ICT will go a long way to check these constraints to healthcare provision. A structure can be developed to serve as an inner information storeroom which will provide information to healthcare workers in different rural areas. It will be designed at collecting, storing and analyzing data for each rural region. For instance, we can regularly collect data about those infected with HIV/AIDS. This data can be analyzed to get an close into the spread of the disease and the annual growth of the population living with AIDS. The implementation of this system will serve many purposes. Most importantly, it will aid the government in better policy-making as regards to healthcare. Also, government will be able to make more informed decisions as regards to areas where more resources are to be focused. Statistical figures can be derived from the data collected, which researchers in the field can make use of. Patients will benefit from the system, through faster and better service delivery. Ultimately, the provision of healthcare to rural areas can be made in more organized manner, while conserving such resources as money, time and effort. Telemedicine in Rural Healthcare areas of the Nation One of the good qualities of ICT in rural areas healthcare is telemedicine. Telemedicine is the use of ICTs to give healthcare over long distances and can also be used to improve healthcare (Darren Wilkins, 2009). Telemedicine helps in the upgrading of healthcare in a number of ways to save lives. One of the good advantages of telemedicine is that it saves the cost of transportation as well as providing quality healthcare to people living in the rural areas who dont have access to good hospitals, drugs and qualified doctors. Also, it could save the cost and time of people in rural areas going all the way to the cities to receive treatment. A patient in a remote village where there is no clinic may not have to travel the long distance into the city to get medical attention. If a system can be set up, so that doctors can give patients remote assistance, the time and risk spent travelling to the cities can be reduced. This can be done through the use of mobile phones. If it is a minor i llness, the patient can call doctor and explain the symptoms he or she is experiencing, and the doctor can prescribe some drugs and send the prescription to the person at the moment. Then the patient can buy the prescribed medicine from the local stores nearby. Solutions to the Problems of health care in Rural Nigeria by using ICT. Provision of power to the hospitals: The government should kindly improve to put solar systems to all the hospitals in rural areas because it will help in having lights when NEPA took off and it will help also when a doctor is in theater room operating or any emergency machine which requires light to operate. Condition for internet: Hospitals should have access to the internet so as to enable them get access to E-learning to people across. Government should get to know the real meaning of ICT into the healthcare system as of keeping of staff records, payroll and access to the internet. Government should allow private institutions and nongovernmental organizations to facilitate healthcare services There is a need to show up the affordability of basic healthcare solutions to the rural areas using ICTs. Conclusion Generally, integration of ICTs into the health care system will go a long way in fostering better healthcare coverage and affordability to the rural populace. Endemics would be better handled and responded to incase of occurrences. The use of databases would give a foundation for coming up with funding plans, study and analysis of diseases and their causes in the rural communities. Also all my solutions and suggestions would be meant if and only if the government will intervene in this so as to make it easier for the people living in rural area of Nigeria.

Acting and Identity in Sizwe Banzi is Dead and in Death and the Kings

Both "Sizwe Bansi is Dead", (written by Athol Fugard in collaboration with John Kani and Winston Ntshona) and "Death and the King's Horseman" (written by Wole Soyinka) are both set in South Africa, in two important and significant cultural moment for the country. "Swize Bansi is Dead" tells the difficult reality of Africa under apartheid (1950s), analysing the complex issue of identity in that time. The rules of Apartheid meant that people were legally classified into a racial group, mainly Black and White, and separated from each others. This division restricted black people from being able to vote, having medical care, education, or other public services, and if when, in rare cases these were possible, they still were of a lot inferior compared to what white people were entitled to. Not only Black people were thus deprived of their write as human beings, as persons, but what most suggested that they'd lost their identities is that all of them had to have an "identity book". This item, insert them into a system of figures, where each one of them wasn't identified by a name anymore, they were recognised and registered by a number. This is a very important issue of the play, in fact the focal point is to show us how irrelevant the name and the "identity" had become for those people. Is your name your identity? And if not, is it possible to maintain a stable and truthful inside identity when deprived of all signs of uniqueness such as your own name? This theme is very much confronted in Sizwe Bansi is Dead. The main character, Sizwe Bansi is forced into talking a terrible decision. Taking a dead man's identity book, therefore stealing his "official" identity, to be able to get on with his life and keep in contact with his f... ...the characters show how loosing their write to vote and therefore express their opinion, and especially having to carry an identity booklet all the time (just because of the colour of their skin) can generate an inside crisis on one's identity. Is our identity determined by our name? Can we change name and be able to keep a stable identity? This play also raises the issue of being actors, just to survive in the society they lived in. Not being able to show their feelings and their disappointment at any time, obliged them to smile, sing, and fake. These issues are also raised in "Death and the King's Horseman", but more with showing how important and determinant our culture is for our personal identity. Thus, living in an era where this one is changing, because of the rough imposition of a new one, can torn one's personality, making them doubt all of their beliefs.

Practice Makes Perfect

Practice means constant use of one's intellectual and aesthetic powers. Perfect means ‘ideal, complete and excellent. ‘ proper planning and practice promote perfect performance. Practice depends on training and it means repeating an activity. Constant practice also sharpens talents. One has to follow certain qualities to be perfect. These are hard work, strong will and power, faith, tolerance, positive approach, self confidence and dedication. The quality that prepares one for all other qualities is practice. One should not stop practicing and be satisfied until one achieves perfection.Practice is a one and best way by which a person can achieve perfection. Practice makes one feel and understand the idea or thing again and again. The more one practices, the more errorless one becomes. He doesn't repeat the errors that were done previously. Practice begins from the cradle and ends in the grave. Right from childhood man practices various activities like talking, reading, wr iting, cooking, etc. The child practices speaking, first by learning the alphabets, then words, sentences and finally speech. The childs thorough practice reaches perfection in speaking.One cannot ride a bicycle or motor bike or drive a car at the very first instance. Man needs practice until he reaches perfection. The same method applies to other areas too. Pefection is necessary in every shape of life. Perfection in shooting is an essential quality. Practice is essential in law and medicine too. Surgery can be mastered by practice. Even the practice of cooking enables one to get the perfect taste one wants. Thus, from the kitchen , to the office, practice is needed to gain perfection in every field. A person cannot be perfect in every sphere of life. It is quite natural to have certain deficencies.One can practice repeatedly to lessen these deficencies. One may face difficulties during the coarse of practice. One should not feel dejected in such a case, he should overcome them ino rder to achieve perfection. Practice enables a person to reach the heights of success in all walks of life. Practice develops outstanding qualities in ones character. It not only brings perfection but also helps in building ones character. Thus, it is practice that makes a man perfect who can free every challenge in his life. So, remember ‘ A man is not fully perfect but practice makes a man perfect! ‘

Deferred Tax Essay Example

Deferred Tax Essay Example Deferred Tax Essay Deferred Tax Essay Financial statements The article Its time to simplify tax financial reporting was written by Terry J. Ward in the year 1996. The article was published on November 11 in the Audit and Accounting Forum section in the newspaper the Accounting Today. It focuses on controversies that surrounded the reporting of income tax on financial statements. For example, in early 1950, there was an argument that suggested that companies should allocate an amount of income tax expense across accounting periods to account for timing differences between reported and taxable income. The Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement 109 that required assets and liabilities to interperiod income tax allocation (Ward, 1996). The statement was not operational because one could neither verify nor disprove any revenue tax distribution and it was not useful to investors or lenders. Studies have shown that deferred tax allocation reduces the usefulness of accounting information because it violates the costs and benefits cons train principles. The Flow-through approach is simple and saves companies the additional record keeping cost associated with deferred tax allocation (Ward, 1996). Reporting of income tax should be simplified, useful to all parties that use and meet all the standards of the FASB. The reporting of income tax should me be simplified (Ward, 1996). Reporting deferred tax in the financial statement is not simple because of it is complex and not logic to estimate taxable or deductible amount in future years. For example, only deferred tax expense is presented in the Income Statement while in the Balance Sheet two categories are presented that is net current and net non-current amount. Moreover, it not logic to use losses of past years to offset the profit of another year as per the use of loss carryback and loss carryforward. Therefore, a person cannot tell what the future holds only God knows. Estimate the net operating loss is difficult because two years are carried back and twenty years are passed forward. Deferred tax violates the cost and benefit constraints standards of the FASB (Ward, 1996). Tax benefit realization will be limited if loses carried back or carried forward period is brief. Moreover, if the significant deductible temporary difference is expected to reverse in a single year or when the enterprise operates in a traditionally cyclical business, these factors will also limit the realization of tax benefit. Additionally, the unsettled circumstances that are unfavorably resolved will adversely affect the forthcoming operation and profit level on continuing basis in the future. Financial reporting Accounting for income tax is not of any importance to its various users especially the lenders and investors (Ward, 1996). Creditors and investors are not interested in the future information of the company but are rather interested in how the firm has been and is performing in their decision making. Moreover, core aspects are left behind while computing the income tax. For example, according to IFRS, some potential liabilities are not recognized whereas, GAAP uses an impairment approach for deferred tax asset. Also, it is hard for some uninformed investors or lenders to understand the deferred tax while presented in the various books of record. I agree with the writers opinion that financial reporting should be simplified. Simplified financial reporting will ensure that people are able to compute and understand the financial information. Different approaches should be established to protect the various firms in the industry. For example, small companies should use the simplest method available. I believe when reporting financial information relevant information concerning the business should be presented to the appropriate people as per the FASB principles. References Ward, J. T. (1996 November 11). Its time to simplify tax financial reporting. Accounting Today. Page 18-19